The attic is a attic room under the roof of the house. It can be used as a living room, and with a sufficient area – to equip a real apartment with a bathroom, a kitchen, several rooms.
Roof of attic type: Options
The main types of designs:
Single -toe
Gable
Four -sided
Half -off gable
Four -sided half -wool
The attic classic
Multiciper
A single -sided roof is an inclined plane fixed on the bearing wall.
Gable – two planes that are supported by load -bearing walls and each other.
Holmes and semi -wire – four -sided roofs that have additional planes in the form of triangles and trapezoids.
Multiciper – the most complex designs that have many inclined planes intersecting with each other.
A flat attic roof is also possible as an option, but in this case it will be necessary to pay a lot of attention to the removal of rainwater, strengthen the structure due to a possible snow load, etc. D. Experts do not recommend arranging such a roof in residential buildings.
Choosing a design
The choice of the type of design depends on several factors:
Rolling or non -residential is planned for the attic;
climatic features of the building building zone;
the alleged natural light of the attic;
communications supply;
The shape of the box at home.
If the owners of housing are arranged by a simple form, then a gable attic roof is suitable for the design of which is quite simple and durable. Minus of the structure: due to the form, there is little useful space.
For a full -fledged room for living for living, the classic form is best suited: gable (as an option of semi -car) with additional slopes. Such a roof will provide the maximum space for interior decoration, furniture, installation of windows, communications and t. D.
Where to start building a roof?
Any construction begins with the project. Especially if the attic roof is planned with your own hands, drawings should be prepared in advance. Consider the most acceptable option – classic form. There are several clear requirements:
The height of the attic should be at least 2.2 meters.
The height of the wall to the break (additional slope) is more than 1-1.2 meters.
The ability to install windows either on slopes or on the end walls.
High -quality insulation device, roof waterproofing.
Installation of the rafter system, taking into account wind and snow loads for the future structure.
Calculation of the heating system.
After drawing up the project, you can start building a frame – a rafter system. This is actually a “skeleton” of the future design, and the quality and duration of the room depends on it.
Railing system of the attic roof: Instructions
The rafter system looks approximately as follows as in the photo:
If the height of the attic allows, you can make not a broken ceiling, but even. However, as a rule, this option is the most optimal. You can install window blocks in such a way that the natural light of the room will be maximum.
The design of the rafter system consists of mandatory elements:
Rafters.
Mauerlat (bearing beams).
Racks.
Crate.
Metal fasteners.
Skate beam.
External coating.
Insulation and steam/waterproofing.
Approximate scheme:
Mauerlat is the base of the rafter system. In fact, a beam fixed around the perimeter on the bearing walls of the building. If the house is built of logs, then the last crown is considered Mauerlat. So that the attic roof is firmly fixed on the box of the house, Mauerlat is additionally enhanced by metal elements.
So, the device of the attic roof of a private house begins with the installation of Mauerlat. In this case, it is advisable to lay the waterproofing material between the beam and the wall. Further, the rafters are attached to Mauerlat as follows:
To unload the rafters of the lower slope, the side internal runs are installed. The main rafter system is called a “farm” (templates). You can install it in two ways: assemble on the ground and raise it on a box, or collect at the top.
The most time -consuming event is to make and mount the first template and the last. Further, already according to the specified sizes using the building level and stretched threads, the following designs are installed. When installing a classic attic, you need to focus on 3 points: Mauerlat, a joint of slopes and a horse. Naturally, all lines should be clearly verified and located at one angle. The step of templates is calculated based on future wind and snow loads and the capabilities of the box of the house. The more often – the better, however, the final weight should be taken into account for the supporting walls of the structure.
After the installation of the farm is completed, they begin the crate, as shown in the video in this article. These are transverse bars that give rigidity to the system. Further, the “roofing pie” consisting of several layers is arranged for the collapse:
Vapor barrier.
Insulation.
Waterproofing.
Duplicate (counter) crate.
Roofing material.
The vapor barrier is nailed or “shot” to the crate of the rafters. Next comes the insulation, waterproofing is attached from above, and the last stage will be transported – roofing material.
The inner space of the attic must also be insulated and isolated. Next, you can proceed to the decoration of the walls and the ceiling.
Tip: Before installing the rafter system, you need to consider where the windows will be located so that you do not have to subsequently violate the integrity of the structure.
It should be noted that the rafter system is made of boards, respectively, is subject to the destructive effect of humidity, fungi, insects. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the wood with antibacterial compounds, primers.
It is also required to pay attention to the device of good ventilation. Especially if windows are not planned on the attic. The easiest way is to install wall supply valves. Or use in the presence of windows a modern version of air exchange: install double -glazed windows with mounted ventilation valves.
The choice of materials
The correct roof design is half. A competent choice of materials plays an equally important role.
Brick for rafters and crate
Typically, for rafters, wood wood wood is used – pine, cedar, etc. D. Such material is quite durable, easy to install and process. The thickest beam is used for Mauerlat – a minimum section of 100*100 mm, for a serious load take 200*200 mm.
The section of the rafters for rafters is usually 50*100mm, 50*150 mm. The selection of the cross -section of the timber for the design should proceed from the accounting of the final load on the supporting walls and the foundation. If the attic roof was not originally planned for the device of a living attic, then it is necessary to mount the lightest rafter system.
Vapor barrier material
The purpose of vapor barrier is not to allow the evaporation from the inside of the attic to penetrate the “roofing pie”. Today, the most popular material is a multi -layer foil film. Vapor barrier is laid in foil into the room, which allows you to reflect internal heat and preserve it.
Insulation
The materials for warming the roof should dwell in more detail. Use several types:
Polostyrol foam (polystyrene).
Mineral wool.
Polyurethane foam (PPU).
Foam is not the best choice for insulation of the rafter system, despite the fact that the price of the material is the most attractive. First, it is inconvenient to fix it to the crate. Secondly, its thermal insulation properties are significantly inferior to the mineral wool and PPU.
Mineral wool has excellent insulation characteristics and simple in work. But the material has one significant drawback – it absorbs moisture. As a result, the structure becomes heavier, the tree is exposed to destructive effects of moisture, and heat is poorly kept inside the attic.
Poliuretan foam is the most modern and undeniably best option. PPU is a two -component sprayed material, the structure of which consists of 98% of the gas cell phase and 2% of the hard composition. For its application, a special installation of high pressure is used. PPU comes from a pistol in liquid form, practically sticks to any surface, freezes in a minute and grows in a volume several times. Polyurethane foam has the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity, high adhesion, non-combustible, life of more than 30 years.
Waterproofing
Waterproofing protects the roof from the penetration of rain and melt moisture. It also protects the insulation from condensate loss, which inevitably occurs as a result of the temperature difference inside and outside the attic.
As waterproofing materials, films with micro -focus are most often used to release steam. Such material prevents moisture from getting into the “roof pie”, but at the same time provides good air exchange.
Roofing material
Main types:
Sheet metal.
Corrugated board.
Galvanized steel sheets.
Flexible tiles.
Leaf metal is actively used to cover the roof due to ease of installation and low cost. The minus of this material is very noisy. Wind, hail, rain will be clearly heard inside the attic.
The corrugated board is also unhappy in installation, it will last a long time. But due to structural features, it requires very high-quality waterproofing and additional sealing of the joints of the sheets.
Galled sheets of steel weigh little, the styling system does not allow moisture between them. Minus: requires special installation skills and is considered quite “cold” material.
Flexible tiles are made of a glass cholest saturated with bitumen. Has a large range of colors, looks very presentable, practically does not allow condensate to accumulate, silently. The disadvantages of this type of roofing material are considered to be combustible, poor “interaction” with severe frost or heat. It is also required before laying flexible tiles to cover the crate with plywood or OSP so that the base is continuous.
